bus

Public buses in Greater Tokyo usually serve a secondary role, feeding bus passengers to and from train stations. Exceptions are long distance bus services, buses in areas poorly served by rail (not many exist), and airport bus services for people with luggage. Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation operates Toei buses mainly within the 23 special wards while private bus companies (mostly the subsidiaries of the large train operators listed above) operate other bus routes, as do other city governments, such as Kawasaki City Bus, Yokohama City Bus, etc. Toei buses have a fixed fare of 200 yen per ride, while most other companies charge according to distance. Some train operators offer combined bus/train tickets; special fares apply for children, seniors and the disabled. Some routes feature non-step buses with a kneeling function to assist mobility-impaired users.

Taxis

Taxis also serve a similar role to buses, supplementing the rail system, especially after midnight when most rail lines cease to operate. People moving around the city on business often chose taxis for convenience, as do people setting out in small groups.

As of December 2007, taxis cost 710 ($7.89 at ¥90/$1 USD) for the first two kilometers, and ¥90 for every 288 meters thereafter, or approximately ¥312.5 per kilometer. Most companies tend to raise fares by 20% between 22:00-5:00, but other companies have kept fares low to compete in a crowded market.

Roads
 
This marker in Nihonbashi is the place from which distances along highways are reckoned

Local and regional highways

National, prefectural and metropolitan, and local roads crisscross the region. Some of the major national highways are:
Route 1 links Tokyo to Osaka along the old Tokaido
Route 6 and Route 4 carries traffic north all the way to Sendai and Aomori respectively.
Route 14 connects Nihonbashi with Chiba Prefecture.
Route 16 is a heavily travelled circumferential linking Yokosuka, Yokohama, western Tokyo, Saitama, and Chiba.
Route 17 originates in central Tokyo and passes through Saitama en route to Niigata Prefecture.
Route 20 crosses Tokyo from east to west, continuing into Yamanashi Prefecture.

The datum from which distances are reckoned is in Nihonbashi.

Expressways

The Shuto Expressway network covers central Tokyo, linking the intercity expressways together, while primarily serving commuters and truck traffic. The Bayshore Route bypasses Tokyo by traveling from Kanagawa Prefecture in between, above, and under manmade islands around Tokyo Bay to Chiba Prefecture.

The Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, which goes underneath Tokyo Bay, links Kawasaki to Kisarazu in Chiba Prefecture.

Important regional expressways include the Tokyo Gaikan Expressway, Daisan-Keihin Road, and Keiyo Road.

Presently under construction (with some segments operating), the Ken-O Expressway will be a major circumferential through the area.

Many long-distance expressway routes converge at Tokyo including the Tomei Expressway, Chuo Expressway, Kan-Etsu Expressway, and Tohoku Expressway.

Maritime transport

Passenger ferries
 
Tokyo-Wan Ferry Shirahama-maru

The notable route which serves as internal transport is Tokyo-Wan Ferry, the car-passenger ferry route between Yokosuka, Kanagawa and Futtsu, Chiba,[21] crossing Tokyo Bay. Other passenger services within the bay are mostly used as scenic cruises, such as Tokyo Cruise Ship and Tokyo Mizube Line in Tokyo, The Port Service and Keihin Ferry Boat in Yokohama.

Out of the bay, the car-passenger ferries to the Izu Islands and the Ogasawara Islands, Shikoku, Kyushu, the Amami Islands and Okinawa serve from the ports of Tokyo or Yokohama.[22] The car-passenger ferries to Hokkaido serve from Oarai, Ibaraki.[22] There are some other freight ferries (which can carry less than 13 passengers) serving out of the Bay.

Shipping

Shipping plays a crucial role for inbound and outbound freight, both domestic and international. The Port of Tokyo and Port of Yokohama are both major ports for Japan and Greater Tokyo.